Document 2 (pdf) biasInCohort&CCStudies
La référence de l’article d’où proviennent ces documents est :
Gamble JM. An introduction to the fundamentals of cohort and case–control studies. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2014;67(5):366-72.
l.georges online
work ‘n’ shitHere is a document containing this week’s questions and answers.
See you next week for a new article.
Voici une traduction pour le texte du contrôle du 13 décembre :
It’s bad news for tall people. According to scientists from the University of Lund in Sweden, tall people have a higher risk of getting blood clots. In a study carried out on more than two million brothers and sisters, they observed a lower risk for clotting in men and women smaller than 160cm and 155cm respectively. The overall risk was reduced by 60 percent compared to subjects taller than 185cm. The authors stated that “height is an independent indicator of venous thromboembolism.”
A blood clot can partially or totally block a major vein in the legs or thighs and cause phlebitis. Superficial phlebitis (when the circulation is blocked in a small vein, leading to pain and discomfort) is not serious in itself, but is a risk factor for deep phlebitis, and the latter is an emergency because the clot which is blocking the blood flow in a deep or large calibre vein can break loose and migrate into the circulation and cause a pulmonary embolism (when the clot lodges itself in the pulmonary artery), and this is a serious and potentially fatal accident. Among the warning signs in cases of phlebitis are: a red, warm, or hard vein, or one whose relief makes it clearly visible on the surface. It is also painful or sensitive to touch.
- How much weight should people lose to defeat type 2 diabetes? 15kg
- At what time does dim-light melatonin onset generally begin? 8 pm
- What is becoming more common in the over 50s? HIV infection
- How many countries in Europe have “eliminated” measles? 33
- Researchers in Spain linked atherosclerosis with what? Skipping breakfast
- What has been linked to substance abuse in teenagers? Vegetarian diet in pregnancy
- What percentage of children in the UK are thought to be obese? 10%
- According to one study how should pregnant women not sleep? On their back
- Psilocybin helped 19 patients with what? Depression
- Who should you call in the UK if you are thinking about self-harming? The Samaritans
- Mushrooms make you feel fuller than what according to a US study? Minced beef
- The Daily Mail said there are how many ‘breast cancer genes’? 180
- Loughorough university researchers believe that what might lower the risk of dementia? Marriage
- How do US researchers aim to evaluate the risk of dementia? Blood test in Middle age
- Night-time eating might lead to what? Heart disease
- What type of wounds heal faster? Daytime
- The BBC reported that Scottish researchers have found that what is bad for children? Grandparents
- What might prevent rheumatoid arthritis? Vit D
- How many cups of coffee per day can bring health benefits? 3-4
- What childhood disease has returned to the UK? Scarlet Fever
Merci de bien vouloir noter que l’examen de rattrapage aura lieu le
29 août 2018 de 9h à 12h en salle ED10
Faites le nécessaire pour ne pas devoir y aller !
Voici une proposition d’abstract structuré pour l’article : Bawden, Stephen, et al. “Increased liver fat and glycogen stores after consumption of high versus low glycaemic index food: A randomized crossover study.” Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 19.1 (2017): 70-77.
CONTEXTE
L’indice glycémique des aliments consommés influence potentiellement le stockage de glycogène et la graisse hépatique. L’objectif de l’étude était de mesurer ces effets immédiatement après la consommation des aliments et à plus long terme
METHODES
Huit volontaires masculins ont subi des examens avant et après avoir suivi pendant 7 jours un régime à indice glycémique élevé IGE ou bas IGB et dont les contenus en macronutrients et calories étaient identiques. Après une période de quatre semaines minimum sans suivre de régime, les participants ont refait la même chose mais en suivant l’autre régime. Pendant la semaine de régime les niveaux de graisse hépatique (1 H spectroscopie à résonance magnétique (SRM)), de glycogène (13 C SRM) et le volume de contenu gastrique (IRM) ont été mesurés. Les niveaux de glucose et d’insuline ont été évaluées à intervalles régulières dans la journée par prises de sang.
RESULTATS
Les niveaux de glucose et d’insuline maximaux, ainsi que la zone située sous la courbe étaient nettement plus élevés après un repas IGE, comme prévu (p < .05) et encore plus élevés après 7 jours de régime IGE par rapport au début de l’intervention. La fraction lipidique hépatique a augmenté de façon significative après l’intervention IGE par rapport à l’intervention IGB (analyse de variance à deux facteurs à mesures répétées)
CONCLUSION
Par rapport au régime IGB, un régime IGE de 7 jours a augmenté le stockage de graisses et de glycogène. Cette observation pourrait être pertinente dans la prévention et traitement de la stéatose hépatique non alcoolique.
Voici l’abstract original des auteurs de l’article :
AIM:
To investigate the acute and longer-term effects of low (LGI) versus high glycaemic index (HGI) diets on hepatic fat and glycogen accumulation and related blood measures in healthy volunteers.
METHODS:
Eight healthy men (age 20.1 ± 0.4 years, body mass index 23.0 ± 0.9 kg/m2 ) attended a test day before and after a 7-day macronutrient- and energy-matched HGI or LGI diet, followed by a minimum 4-week wash-out period, and then returned to repeat the intervention with the alternative diet. During test days, participants consumed either an HGI or an LGI test meal corresponding to their diet week, and liver fat [ 1 H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS)], glycogen ( 13 C MRS) and gastric content volume (MRI) were measured. Blood samples were obtained regularly throughout the test day to assess plasma glucose and insulin levels.
RESULTS:
Plasma glucose and insulin peak values and area under the curve were significantly greater after the HGI test meal compared with the LGI test meal, as expected. Hepatic glycogen concentrations increased more after the HGI test meal ( P < .05) and peak levels were significantly greater after 7 days of HGI dietary intervention compared with those at the beginning of the intervention ( P < .05). Liver fat fractions increased significantly after the HGI dietary intervention compared with the LGI dietary intervention (two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance P ≤ .05).
CONCLUSIONS:
Compared with an LGI diet, a 1-week HGI diet increased hepatic fat and glycogen stores. This may have important clinical relevance for dietary interventions in the prevention and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Energy drinks could weaken the heart
Energy drinks have been around for a few decades, but have really taken off in recent years. As their name suggests they give a boost of energy, usually due to several psychoactive substances they contain which improve attention and concentration and reduce the feeling of tiredness. They are not the same thing as sports energy drinks which contain nutritional substances vital for sports performance.
For a while now, public health authorities have been concerned about the effects of excessive consumption of some of the substances in energy drinks, including caffeine and taurine which, in high doses, might lead to heart problems or anxiety.
One by one, institutions are condemning the dangers of excessive consumption of this sort of drink, in particular when they are consumed with alcohol. Now a team from Friedrich Wilhelm University in Bonn have presented their work at the annual congress of the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) in which they demonstrate the effects of a single drink on the heart.
Lower contractile function after one energy drink
“Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a link between the consumption of energy drinks and heart problems,” said Jonas Dörner, director of the study. “But none has shown the effects they have on heart function.” So he and his team undertook this job. Thanks to MRI the scientists were able to observe cardiac function in 15 healthy participants aged 27 ½ on average. They took images of the heart before and one hour after absorption of an energy drink containing 400mg/100ml of taurine, and 32mg/100ml of caffeine.
When they looked at the images of the heart, the study’s authors observed increased cardiac tension in the left ventricle after consumption of the energy drink. This part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it into the aorta which then distributes it to the rest of the body. However, the researchers did not note any difference in heart rate, blood pressure, nor in the rate of blood pumped by the left ventricle. In contrast, the heart showed lower contractile function after consumption of the beverage.
“Additional studies are now needed to understand the mechanism and to determine how long it lasts,” the researcher said. “We also want to evaluate the effect of regular consumption of these energy drinks on heart function.” For the present, the study’s authors recommend that children and the frail abstain from consuming such products.